Lubricant composition



Patented July 11, 1950 UNlTED STATES 'P TEN TI OFF-ICE L BRICANT COMPOSITION Eugene Lieber, New York, N. Y., and Aloysius l .Cashman, Bayonne, N. J., assignors to Standard Oil Development Company, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application August 22, 1945,

I Serial Natl-2,1 22 I 2 Claims. (Cl. 252-484;)

This invention relates to the preparation of novel chemical condensation products particularly useful as poly-functional additives for waxy mineral lubricating oils. H

It is already known that products having good E. -P. (extreme pressure) lubricating properties can be made, for instance, by chlori'natingkerosene or paraflln wax and reacting the resultant any solvent may be removed by distillation I For instance, isopropyl alcohol or othersuitable solchlorinated hydrocarbon. product with an alkaline polysulfide, as disclosed in U. S. Patent 2,124,598. However, such products have little, if any, value as pour depressors for waxy mineral lubricating oils. i

It is one object of the present invention to make products whichhave bothgood E. P. lubrivents may be used to help effect good contact and reaction between the inorganic or organic sul-,- fur compound, which may be an aqueous solution.

The final-E. P. product made, for instance, by

chlorinating kerosene to about 35 chlorine content and then-sulfurizing 'it with an isopropyl alcohol solution of an aqueous caustic soda and sodium hydrogen sulfide, containing free sulfur -admixed. therewtih, at reflux temperatu e, sepeating properties and also good pour depressing properties. This primary object of the invention may be accomplished in severalways, one of which is to subject an P. agent, such as one made by the process described above, to a further chemical condensation as will be described here'- inafter. Another. object of the invention is to accomplish the somewhat .comparable final result by using a difierent procedure.

The inventionwill first be described as applied to the use of an E. P. agent as a starting material.

The E. P. agent to be used may be considered as a sulfurized halogenated non-aromatic hydrocarbon; 1. e., an aliphatic or 'cyclo aliphatic hydrocarbon. In general such products should contain about to- 50% of halogen, preferably about 25% to 35%, and should also contain about 2% to preferably 3% to 8%, sulfur. product may be prepared by the methods referred to above, namely, chlorination ofa petroleum hydrocarbon fraction such as kerosene .or parafiin wax, to a chlorine content of about to 50%, preferably about to e. g., by passing chlorine through a liquid hydrocarbon at a temperature of about 175 to 200 l t, and then sulfurizing the resultant chlorinated hydrocaralkali halide forms and is then separated, and

The'

ban by treating it with elemental sulfur or with arating resultant sodium chloride, distilling off the isopropyl alcohol, will contain about 33% of chlorine and about 7% of sulfur.

, According to the preferred modification of the inventoin an P. agent made such as described above is then chemically condensed with I an aromatic'compound, preferably having less than30 carbon atoms, such as naphthalene, by the use of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst, such as aluminum chloride or titanium tetrachloride, etc., using a sufficient reaction temperature to cause condensation of the E. P. agent 'to the arcmatic .nuclei by setting off hydrogen halide formed from chlorine or-other halogen atoms under E. P. agents combining with a nuclear hydrogen atom from 1 the aromatic compound.v

Instead of the preferred naphthalene, other aromatic compounds may be used, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, amyl benzene, diphenyl, anthra ce'ne, mixed petroleum aromatic fractions, or mixed coal tar aromatics, of various hydroxy and amino. derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons, 'e. g-., phenol, cresol, butyl phenol, mixed petroleum phenoIs naphthaI, aniline, xylidine, etc., as

well as other aromatic compounds,-such as tetralin, stearophenone, low molecular weight aromatic resins, such as polymerized dehydro naphthalene, cumar, cumarones, indenes, copolymers of styrene and isobutylene, stylene-acrylonitrile, phenol-formaldehyde resins, etc. The special type of aromatic compound which may be us'edis one having the general formula where M may represent hydrogen or a metal or a polyvalent metal having attached to some other organic radical, Y'represents oxygen or a member of the sulfur family (i. e., sulfur, selenium or tellurium), Ar represents an aromatic nucleus which contains like or unlike substituents X,

n in number, replacing nuclear hydrogen, a

being at least 1. If M is a metal, it is preferably a polyvalent metal, such as barium, calcium, aluminum, cobalt, chromium, magnesium, man.-

, ganese, nickeLilead, tin,

.monovalent metals.

c, copper, iron, cadmium, etc., although in some cases it may also be v The substituent X may be organic, inorganic or both, but at least one such group should be an element of the sulfur family where a group is linked to Ar through such an element. The other substituentsare preferably alkyl radicals or groups which may or may not contain one or more of the non-metallic elements belonging to group V, VI and VII of the periodic system, i. e., .nitrogen,

'phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur and halogen, as-in amino, nitro, phosphite, phosphate, hydroxy, al-- k'oxy, sulfide, thioether, mercapto chloro groups and the like, provided that such substituent groups did not interfere with the desired Friedel Crafts condensation'of the aromatic compound with the E. P. agent. A preferred type of this particular kind of aromatic compound can berepresented by the general formula ME Y' -ar(a)-'-1ls in which case the M may represent either two separate hydrogen atoms one attached to each of the tw'o-Y atoms, or two monovalentatoms, where i a divalent metal is attached to each of the two different Y atoms. Several specific examples of this type of compound are I etc. Compounds such as those just described may readily be prepared by first making the desired alkyl phenol, treating the latter with sulfur chlorideSClz, and finally replacing the phenolic hydrogen, if desired, by a'm'etal. The corresponding compounds can also be prepared byusing sulfur monochloride and-S2012 instead of S012.

high molecularwelght condensation products as distillation residue.

The resulting condensation-products should generally have an average molecular weight of about 500, to 3,000, preferably about 700 to 1500;

and it should" usually containabout .to'30%, preferably about 5% to %;fof halogen and also about 2% to Preferably about 3% to 8%,

.of sulfur." This product is a sulfurized, halogenated, non-aromatic hydrocarbon condensation product with a lowffmolecular weight aromatic compound. The'product probably consists of a mixture of moleculescontaining at least one'of each of. these two primary constituents and perhaps as many as- 2 to5 of each of them. The high molecular weightcondensatfcn product-is poly- 3 functional, that'i's, it has both E. P. properties and pour depressing properties,,and may also have antioxidant and detergent properties if the aromatic compound with which the-E. P. agent was condensed was one of the alkylated .oxyarom'atic sulfide or similar type which are represented by. the formula MY-'-A-r(x)n previously described. 1

Although the preferred procedure of making the poly-functional condensation products of this invention is the one described above, alternative procedures may be used, forinstance,' if 'desired,

\ rine content of from 10% to 25%. or so may be condensed withsuitable aromatic compounds,

Carrying out the Friedel-Crafts condensation of the E. B. agent as previously described and the limits of room temperature'and about 250 F. The

best procedure is to mix the reactant and-inert solvent, if. one is used, and gradually add the catalyst, such as aluminum chloride, at room temperature, with stirring, and after initialreaction has subsided, the reaction mass may then be heated,

to the desired finishing temperature, preferably about 100 to 225 vF., for a reaction time which 'may range from a few minutes up to 5 or 10 hours, depending partly upon the reaction temperature used and upon the amount of catalyst used, as well as the reactivity of the actual reactant used.

After the Friedel-Crafts condensation has been completed, the desired high molecular weight condensation products may be recovered in any an alkyl-aromatic pour depressor may first be produced by condensing a suitable non-aromatic hydrocarbon with an aromatic *compound, then halogenating the non-aromatic portion of the condensation p'rcduct,' and finally sulfurizing the halogenated alkyl-aromatic pour depressor, to make the desired E. P. pour depressor. For instance, chlorinated paraflin wax having a chicsuch asnaphthalene, diphenyl, anthracene or some of the other aromatic compounds mentioned previously, the presence of a Friedel-Crafts cata-- lyst, suoh as aluminum chloride, and preferably also the presence of a suitable inertlsolvent, such as a refined kerosene or tetra chlorethane, etc.,

then l'iydrolyzing and removing the catalyst anddistilllng the reaction product of a reduced pres- I sure such as with fire and steam up to a tem- 'perature of about 600 F, to obtain :thedesired high molecular weight condensation product ofv distillation residue This product is a pour depressor and may even alsohave viscosity index improving properties, particularly when made in the chlorinated parafiln wax having from 15% to 25% of chlorineand prepared by the detailed procedure described; in U. S. Patent 2,339,493.

Generally, the average molecular weight of this pour depressor per se will range from about 1,000 to 3,000 and preferably should be about 1,000 to 2,000. This pour depressor should then be chlorinated or otherwise halogenated to a halogen content of about 10% to 40%, under conditions favoring halogenation in the non-aro- -halogenated product should then be sulfurized desired manner, but the preferred procedure is tocool the reaction mixture, add an additional amount of inert solvent and then neutralize residual aluminumchloride catalyst by adding water, aqueous alcohol, caustic soda, etc., after which catalyst sludge should be settled and withdrawn,

the solvent extracted and subjected to distillation under reduced pressure, e..g., by fire and steam up to about 600 F. to remove solvent and low matic portion of the molecule, and finally the according to the sulfurization procedure previously mentioned, in order to make the desired lnal polyfunctional product having pour depressing properties, P. properties and also,'if desired, V. I. improving properties, andeven also antioxidant or detergent properties if the, aromatic compound. used in the initial condensa tion step is one of the general type M Y-Ar(X) n as previously described.

The objects, advantagesand details of the invention will be better understood from a conboiling condensation products to leave the desired sideration of. the following experimental data.

" oil was obtained. Analysis showed 2.5% sulfur and 3.1 chlorine.

210 grams of a blackish .as-product.

. The following data were Original oil-I-2.0%

In this series of tests. two'difleren't E. P. agents were condensed with several difl'erent aromatic" compounds, usingaluminum chloride as catalyst and carrying out the condensationrin either of two solvents, one a refined kerosene and the other a tetrachlorethane.. E. P. agent No.1 was made by chlorinating keroseneto about 38-40% Cl, and reacting the resultant chlorinated kerosene with excess sodium polysulflde in isopropyl alcohol solution, so that the final E. P. agent had a chlorine content of about 31 to 32% and a sulfur content of 6.5%. E. P. agent No. 2 was I similarly made by chlorinating paraflln wax to a chlorine content of about 16-17% Cl, and then sulfurizing the same way, so that the flnal E. P. agent contained 13.8% chlorine and 3.1% sulfur.

Example I I The followingproportions of reagents were used: Naphthalene grams 300 E. P. agent No. 1 do 250 A101: do 200 Kerosene as solvent cd 500 The solvent, naphthalene, and RP. agent No. 1 were placed in the reactor (glass) equipped with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, and reflux condenser. The AlCls was added slowly, while agi- Example III The following proportions of reagents were used:

Naphthalene "grams" 50 E. P. agent No. 1 do... 250 Kerosene as solvent -cc.. 500

tatmgand maintaining a temperature of about 100 F. over a period of 20 minutes. After the addition of the AlCls, the temperature was maintained at 150. F. and maintained thereat for 30 minutes additional. After cooling, additional solvent was added and adding water.v sludge was withdrawn and discarded. The kerosene extract was washed further. The solvent and low-boiling products were removed by fire and steam distillationto 600 F. A bottoms product comprising 366 grams of a dark green viscous When 5% of this condensation product was added to a waxy oil, the pour point of which was +30 F., the. pour point was found to be +15 F.

* Example I! proportions of reagents were e following used Naphthalene "grams" E; P. agent No. 2 do 250 AICI: do 5 Tetrachlorethane as solvent -cc 250 All of the reactants were placed ina l-liter round-bottom Pyrex flask equipped with a reflux condenser andrefluxed (310 F.) for 1% hours.

After cooling and further dilution with solvent, the AlClsv was neutralized with water. ,rachlorethane extract was washed with water and the solvent then removed by distillation under high vacuum (10 350 F. bottoms temperature. A bottom yield of green oil was obtained Various concentrations of thiscondensatlon product, prepared as described above, were blended in a waxy-oil and the pour point determined by the regular A.-'S .-T. M. procedure.

obtained:

, Pour point F. Original oil Original oil+1.0% cond. product 15 cond.produc t -25 Original oil+5.0%. cond. product Better than.

it to contain,

The tet-' mm. Hg. pressure) tothe AlCh neutralized by After settling, the aluminous a5 O iginal oniiitzzaaai'siaatzi The procedure was the same as described, under Example I.

A yield of 94 grams of a dark green oil was obtained as produ It showed the following analyses: 6.2% sulfur, 6.8% chlorine.

Various concentrations of this condensation product, prepared as described above, were blended in a waxy-oil and the pourpoint determined by the regular A. S. T. M. procedure. The following' data were obtained:

The procedure used in Example 11 was followed exactly. A yield comprising 186 grams of a blackish-green oil was obtained as product.

. Various concentrations of this condensation product, prepared as described above, were blended in a waxy-oil and the pour point determined bythe regular A. S. T. M. procedure. The following data were obtained? Pour-point F. +30 25 Original oil product Original oil+2% cond.

cond. product Original 011 +5% Better than as Example V e following proportions of reagents were u'sedz' E. P. agent No. 1 -grams 250 Phenol -do 220 MC]: o 200 Kerosene as solvent cc 500 The procedure used in Example I was followed exactly.

A- yield comprising 147 grams of a dark green 011 was obtained as product.

Various concentrations of this condensation product, prepared as described above, were'blended in a waxy-oil and the pourpoint determined by the'regular A. S. T. M. procedure. The following data were obtained:

Pour point F.

Original oil Q Y+30 Original oil+5% oond. product f+25 Original oil+l0% solid. product '-5 The above data show, particularly in Examples II and IV, that potent pour depressors can be made by Friedel-Crafts condensation of a sulfurized chlorinated non-aromatic hydrocarbon with an aromatic compound. It is significant to note that these condensation products become increasingly more potent in pour depressing prop-' erties when used in larger concentrations even pressure of the past are not as potent whenuaed molecular weight 01 between 500 and- 3000, and in 10% concentrations as they are .whe'n'used in containing about 10 to 30% of chlorine and about a low concentration oi! 1'01 2% or less.. lt'should' an; 20% sulfur. results were obtained in Examples 11 and IV than mineral base lubricating oil containing in soluin the othenthree examples, and it is believed 1 -'tion about 1 to 10%, by weight, of an oil-soluble,

is that the E. P. agent was made from a long furize'd chlorinated petroleum hydrocarbon fracthe purposes or the present inven on, it ispre- .7 less than 30 carbon atoms, said condensation ierred that the E. P..agent starting material product having an average molecular weight beshould be made from a non-aromatic hydrocarv tween 500' and 3000, being substantially nonmore than-10 carbon atoms, and better still more and 30% by weight. of chlorine and 2 to 20 or than ls carbon atoms.'= 1 sulfur.

- It is not intended that the invention be limited EUGENE LIEBER. to the specific materials which have been recited a ALOYSIUS AN, merely for the sake. of illustration but only by m q I w;

the appended claims in whichit is intended-to I REFERENCES CITED claim all novelty inherent in the invention as wen as an difi tions comma withm vthe SIC-ope" The following references are of record in the ,and spirit of, the invention. m this P what is claimed is: t I u a nm'ransra'rns mm 1 Composition consisting essen ially or away: 1 A] "mineral lubricating 011 having dissolvedtherein 2%; g fi m at least apourdepressing amount or a Friedel- 23161086 f f 71'"f" A 1943 Crafts condensation product of a suliurized high-- K 1y chlorinated paramnwax with naphthalene, a i a? 19.44

up 10%, whereas some commercial pour saidcondensation product haying an average also be noted that much better pour depressing g 2. A'oomposition consisting essentially or waxy that the chief reasons for these superior results miedel-Craits condensation product of a sul-' 7 chain aliphatic hydrocarbon; namely, paraflin" 10 ticn or the kerosene to paraflin wax boiling rangewax, instead oi kerosene In other words,' for 4 i with an aromatic hydrocarbon compound having bon havinga long aliphatic chain, -prei terably; lc volatile below 800-I.. and containingbetween l0 

1. COMPOSITION CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF A WAXY MINERAL LUBRICATING OIL HAVING DISSOLVED THEREIN AT LEAST A POUR DEPRESSING AMOUNT OF A FRIEDELCRAFTS CONDENSATION PRODUCT OF A SULFURIZED HIGHLY CHLORINATED PARAFFIN WAX WITH NAPHTHALENE, SAID CONDENSATION PRODUCT HAVING AN AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF BETWEEN 500 AND 3000, AND CONTAINING ABOUT 10 TO 30% OF CHLORINE AND ABOUT 2 TO 20% SULFUR. 